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ABSTRACT. Garland maintains that the welfare penal mode is muted in favour of a punitive, expressive, risk conscious penal mode. Fagan examines how the spatial effects of crime impact a neighborhood's economic well-being, its social norm structure, family life, and the willingness of its members to support the political process. Dominant groups within market economics used penal sanctions when the interests of these elites were threatened (Ruddell).

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