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ABSTRACT. Knowing how to dispute constructively is vital in many areas of life, the law, society, economics, and business. We study the evolution of disputes by examining the Academies of Hillel and Shammai, two early Jewish schools of thought dominant in the latter half of the first century BCE. The disagreements and disputations between the two academies became quite intense and may even have resulted in physical clashes to control voting on the law; the Shammaites thus threatened and restricted the voting of the Hillelites. It took a heavenly voice to declare that the law agrees with the School of Hillel. Interestingly, the voice also explained why the law follows the Hillel viewpoint: arguments are all well and good, but one must respect one’s opponent. Their interactions over time have created a blueprint for constructive argumentation, even in our times.

Keywords: constructive arguing; Hillel; Shammai; adversarial collaboration; repairing the world

How to cite: Friedman, H. H., and Krausz, J. (2023). “Lessons in Constructive and Destructive Arguing: Learning from the Disputes of the Hillel and Shammai Academies,” Analysis and Metaphysics 22: 7–23. doi: 10.22381/am2220231.

Received 3 August 2022 • Received in revised form 14 October 2022
Accepted 22 October 2022 • Available online 10 November 2022

1Department of Business Management, Koppelman School of Business, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, NY, USA, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. (corresponding author).
2Sy Syms School of Business, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

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