ABSTRACT. This paper uses a critical reading of Immanuel Kant’s struggles in his late writings to conceptualize citizenship as a lens to examine a tension inherent to the idea of citizenship itself. This tension, which the paper argues underlies the divides in the citizenship literature between Greek and Roman concepts of the citizen and contemporary liberal, republican, and Habermasian approaches, is between two separate political functions that citizenship is meant to perform: identifying who belongs to the political body, and connecting political duties to the capacities necessary to perform those duties. Coming to term with the practical and conceptual tension between these two functions opens the possibility of new approaches to thinking about citizenship as a practice, and how we structure debates about citi- zenship and inclusion. pp. 65–88

Keywords: agonism, association, citizenship, exclusion, Kant, rule