ABSTRACT. Heart rate variability (HRV) describes the oscillations between consecutive heart beats (RR interval), as well as the oscillations between consecutive instantaneous heart rates. It is a measure that can be used to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation under physiological conditions such as wakefulness and sleep, different body positions, physical training and also pathological conditions. Changes in HRV patterns provide a sensible and advanced indicator of health involvements. Reduced HRV has been found to be associated with the development of many cardiovascular conditions, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, chronic heart failure and myocardial infarction, as well as poorer cardiovascular outcomes in those who already have the disease. In contrast, a heart rate that is variable and responsive to demands is believed to bestow a survival advantage. Few studies have systematically explored the therapeutic effects of music on ANS dysfunction. Choir singing promotes wellbeing; professional singers showed greater HRV after a singing lesson. pp. 245–254

Keywords: heart rate variability; music; autonomic nervous system; cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; choir singing