ABSTRACT. Biohacking represents a unique confluence of technology, biology, and self-experimentation aimed at optimizing human performance and well-being. In the European Union, the rise of biohacking raises profound legal, ethical, and regulatory questions. This article explores biohacking’s key components ‒ including genetic modifications, wearable technology, cognitive enhancement, and nutritional interventions ‒ while analyzing the treaties and legal frameworks that govern it in the EU. Additionally, it examines the legal loopholes exploited by biohackers and the challenges posed for regulators and society at large.

Keywords: biohacking; genetic modification; wearable technology; cognitive enhancement; nutritional intervention; legal, ethical, and regulatory issues

How to cite: Bajrektarevic, A. H., and Bogdanova, K. (2024). “Biohacking in the European Union: Key Components, Regulatory Treaties, and Legal Loopholes,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 16(2): 40–61. doi: 10.22381/GHIR16220242.

Received 12 November 2024 • Received in revised form 14 December 2024
Accepted 21 December 2024 • Available online 27 December 2024