ABSTRACT. Despite the relevance of collaborative spatial perception and extended reality technologies, situation awareness and environment mapping algorithms, and predictive simulation and digital twin modeling tools for Internet of Things sensing network-based smart process management in virtual urban environments, only limited research has been conducted on this topic. The purpose of the paper is to explore how data mining-based clustering and extended reality technologies, virtual and augmented reality devices, geospatial simulation and spatial data visualization tools, and immersive visualization and urban Internet of Things systems are instrumental in smart city governance and distributed artificial intelligence mobile network automation across virtual urban environments. The case study covers how Zurich’s smart city technologies support sustainable urban planning and mobility, energy-efficient building designs, and smooth traffic flow, fostering public safety and clean energy use.

Keywords: collaborative spatial perception; situation awareness; environment mapping algorithms; predictive simulation; digital twin; Internet of Things sensing network-based smart process management; virtual urban settings

How to cite: Popescu, G. H., Khamis, A. D., Ciurlău, C. F., Istok, M., and Stamule, S. (2025). “Collaborative Spatial Perception and Extended Reality Technologies, Situation Awareness and Environment Mapping Algorithms, and Predictive Simulation and Digital Twin Modeling Tools for Internet of Things Sensing Network-based Smart Process Management in Virtual Urban Settings,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 17(2): 41–52. doi: 10.22381/GHIR17220253.

Received 7 July 2025 • Received in revised form 21 October 2025
Accepted 27 October 2025 • Available online 30 October 2025