ABSTRACT. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize and analyze sustainable governance networks, Internet of Things sensors and actuators, geospatial mapping and virtual data modeling tools, multi-sensor data fusion and computer vision algorithms, and Internet of Things connected and smart city digital twins. A quantitative literature review of ProQuest, Scopus, and the Web of Science was carried out throughout January 2025, with search terms including “extended reality environments and digital twin cities” + “geospatial mapping and 3D image modeling tools,” “behavioral predictive and urban big data analytics,” and “virtual simulation and remote sensing algorithms.” As research published between 2022 and 2024 was inspected, only 171 articles satisfied the eligibility criteria, and 26 mainly empirical sources were selected. Data visualization tools: Dimensions (bibliometric mapping) and VOSviewer (layout algorithms). Reporting quality assessment tool: PRISMA. Methodological quality assessment tools include: Abstrackr, CADIMA, DistillerSR, JBI SUMARI, Nested Knowledge, and ROBIS.

Keywords: geospatial mapping; 3D image modeling; urban big data; virtual simulation; remote sensing; digital twin cities

How to cite: Emek, M. L., Bonciu, C. I., Şanta, A.-M. I., Samoilă, A., and Prahoveanu, Ș. L. (2025). “Geospatial Mapping and 3D Image Modeling Tools, Behavioral Predictive and Urban Big Data Analytics, and Virtual Simulation and Remote Sensing Algorithms in Extended Reality Environments and Digital Twin Cities,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 17(1): 62–77. doi: 10.22381/GHIR17120254.

Received 20 February 2025 • Received in revised form 23 June 2025
Accepted 25 June 2025 • Available online 30 June 2025