ABSTRACT. The contribution to the literature on virtual simulation and ambient intelligence tools, Immersive visualization and big data computing systems, and smart city and context awareness algorithms for Internet of Things sensing infrastructures in 3D digital environments is by showing that digital twin simulation and modeling tools, big data-driven forecasting and machine vision algorithms, and 3D immersive virtual reality and smart city technologies optimize big geospatial data analytics and smart urban governance in digital twin cities and multi-agent collaborative environments. The case study covers how Copenhagen’s deep-learning artificial intelligence software systems, big data analytics, and Internet of Things sensors and devices reduce energy consumption, improve resource allocation, foster entrepreneurship and creativity ecosystems, sustainable transportation systems, organizational policies and structures, and connected equitable green urban development and public infrastructure, and support citizen-centric services, end-to-end digital financial transactions.

Keywords: ambient intelligence; immersive visualization; big data computing; smart city; context awareness; Internet of Things sensing infrastructures

How to cite: Poliakova, A., Kalgı, M. E., Jovanović Todorović, M., Sabie, O.-M., and Popescu, K. C. (2025). “Virtual Simulation and Ambient Intelligence Tools, Immersive Visualization and Big Data Computing Systems, and Smart City and Context Awareness Algorithms for Internet of Things Sensing Infrastructures in 3D Digital Environments,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 17(2): 77–88. doi: 10.22381/GHIR17220256.

Received 13 July 2025 • Received in revised form 18 October 2025
Accepted 21 October 2025 • Available online 30 October 2025